英语中的替代分成三类：名词性替代、动词性替代和小句性替代。但替代词只是
形式，其语义要根据被替代的内容来决定。如：
People say that you never have a
real winter in Africa, but I don't think so
.此句中的
so
替代了前文的
you never have
a real winter in Africa
。
3. 省略，指的是把语篇的某个成分省略，以避免重复，突显文章的主要信
息。被省略的部分通常是前文出现过的内容，具体语义需要在语境中理解。如：
The cup was broken, but I wonder by whom.
此句中后半句完整应为
but I wonder
the cup was broken by whom,
省略部分了和前文重复的
the cup was broken
。
4. 连接词，指的是通过连接成分表示句子之间的逻辑关系。连接成分一般
是表示过渡关系的词或短语，表示时间、因果、转折、增补等逻辑上的联系。如：
The house was out of our price range and too big anyway. Besides, I'd grown fond of
our little rented house.
此句中的连接词
besides
表示后文内容对前文起到增补作
用。
5. 词汇衔接，指的是语篇中出现的一部分词汇相互之间有语义上的联系，
分为同现和重现。 如：
The prince’s face turned red with anger—the prince kicked
the boy angrily—the boy stopped laughing and got angry too
.此句中出现的
anger,
angrily
和
angry
都是相同词汇的不同变体，起到相互衔接的作用。
二、“衔接”在概要写作中的运用辨析
本文样本收集自南京市某高中高二年级的考场作文，作文试题出自南京市
2019~2020 学年度第一学期高二英语期中调研测试卷写作部分，主题语境是人
类活动和气候变化。概要写作原题如下：
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
In the last few decades, scientists have reached a consensus and reported that
human beings are causing changes in the Earth’s climate.
In the last 50 years, gases pumped into the Earth’s atmosphere by factories and
vehicles have been speeding up the process of global warming and affecting our
climate. Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earth’s temperature that,
in turn, leads to climate change. If we continue to produce carbon dioxide and other
gases in such huge quantities, we are expecting severe consequences. Recent reports
have warned that global warming will cause terrible climate changes including more
frequent flooding, heat, waves and droughts. Serious diseases will spread and
industries that rely on nature will be badly affected. Increased temperatures will also
cause the polar ice to melt, raising sea levels and flooding many islands and cities.
How can we stop these disasters from happening?
Governments all over the world should take on the responsibility, but this is no
